Dispatches from Arizona, “the front line of a massive human migration” including the voices of migrants, Border Patrol, ranchers, activists, and others
For the last decade, Margaret Regan has reported on the escalating chaos along the Arizona-Mexico border, ground zero for immigration since 2000. Undocumented migrants cross into Arizona in overwhelming numbers, a state whose anti-immigrant laws are the most stringent in the nation. And Arizona has the highest number of migrant deaths. Fourteen-year-old Josseline, a young girl from El Salvador who was left to die alone on the migrant trail, was just one of thousands to perish in its deserts and mountains.
With a sweeping perspective and vivid on-the-ground reportage, Regan tells the stories of the people caught up in this international tragedy. Traveling back and forth across the border, she visits migrants stranded in Mexican shelters and rides shotgun with Border Patrol agents in Arizona, hiking with them for hours in the scorching desert; she camps out in the thorny wilderness with No More Deaths activists and meets with angry ranchers and vigilantes. Using Arizona as a microcosm, Regan explores a host of urgent issues: the border militarization that threatens the rights of U.S. citizens, the environmental damage wrought by the border wall, the desperation that compels migrants to come north, and the human tragedy of the unidentified dead in Arizona’s morgues.
“There may be no better way to understand the muddle that is US immigration policy than to read The Death of Josseline. It helps explain, on a human level, the ebb and flow of human labor across political boundaries.”
—Ted Robbins, Southwest correspondent, NPR
“Regan . . . has compiled a compelling chronicle of the flow of migrants from northern Mexico into the ‘Tucson Sector’ of Arizona, distilling the many facets of this phenomenon into an enlightening account.”
—Booklist
“Regan puts a human face on the multiple problems created by desperate, poverty-stricken people entering the United States illegally to look for work, and the costly measures taken by the American government to secure its borders.”
—Kirkus Reviews
“The many admirers of Enrique’s Journey will find much to admire, and fear, in this powerful report.”
—Luis Alberto Urrea, author of The Devil’s Highway: A True Story
“This should be required reading for everyone—from President Obama . . . to migrant rights activists. . . . It gave me inspiration.”
—Sandra Cisneros, author of The House on Mango Street
From the Prologue
She was just a little girl. She was on her way to her mother. --Kat Rodriguez, human rights activist
Josseline shivered as she stepped over the stones and ducked under the mesquites. She was in Arizona, land of heat and sun, but on this late-January day in 2008, it was cold and damp. The temperature was in the 50s, and the night before it had dropped to near freezing. A winter rain had fallen, and now the desert path was slippery and wet, even more treacherous than it had been before.
Josseline was seven miles north of the Mexican border, near the old ranching town of Arivaca, in prime Sonoran Desert. It was a wonderland of cactus and mesquite, beautiful but dangerous, with trails threading through isolated canyons and up and down hills studded with rocks. She had to get through this perilous place to get to her mother. A little girl with a big name--Josseline Jamileth Hernndez Quinteros--she was five feet tall and a hundred pounds. At fourteen, young as she was, she had an important responsibility: it was her job to bring her little brother, age ten, safely to their mother in Los Angeles. The Hernndez kids had never been away from home before, and already they’d been traveling for weeks. Now they were almost there, just days away from their mother’s embrace.
The family hadn’t been together in a long time. Their father, Santos, was living somewhere in Maryland; their mother, Sonia, in California. Both parents were undocumented, working in the shadows. Back home in El Salvador, the kids lived with relatives, and in the years their mom was gone, Josseline had become a little mother to her brother. Finally, Sonia had worked long enough and hard enough to save up the money to send for the children. She’d arranged for Josseline and her brother to come north with adults they knew from home, people she trusted.
The group had crossed from El Salvador into Guatemala, then traveled two thousand miles from the southern tip of Mexico to the north. The trip had been arduous. They’d skimped on food, slept in buses or, when they were lucky, in casas de huspedes, the cheap flophouses that cater to poor travelers. In Mexico, the migrants feared the federales, the national police, and now, in the United States, they were trying to evade the Border Patrol, the dreaded migra.
But here in the borderlands they were in the hands of a professional. Like the thousands of other undocumented migrants pouring into Arizona--jumping over walls, trekking across mountains, hiking through deserts--their group had contracted with a coyote, a smuggler paid to spirit them over the international line. The coyote’s fee, many thousands of dollars, was to pay for Josseline and her brother to be taken from El Salvador all the way to their mother in Los Angeles.
So far, everything had gone according to plan. They had slipped over the border from Mexico, near Sasabe, twenty miles from here, and had spent a couple of days picking their way through this strange desert, where spiky cacti clawed at the skin and the rocky trail blistered the feet. The coyote insisted on a fast pace. They still had a hike of twenty miles ahead of them, out to the northbound highway, Interstate 19, where their ride would meet them and take them deep into the United States.
Josseline (pronounced YO-suh-leen) pulled her two jackets closer in the cold. She was wearing everything she had brought with her from home. Underneath the jackets, she had on a tank top, better suited to Arizona’s searing summers than its chilly winters, and she’d pulled a pair of sweatpants over her jeans. Her clothes betrayed her girly tastes. One jacket was lined in pink. Her sneakers were a wild bright green, a totally cool pair of shoes that were turning out to be not even close to adequate for the difficult path she was walking. A little white beaded bracelet circled her wrist. Best of all were her sweats, a pair of “butt pants” with the word hollywood emblazoned on the rear. Josseline planned to have them on when she arrived in the land of movie stars.
She tried to pay attention to the twists and turns in the footpath, to obey the guide, to keep up with the group. But by the time they got to Cedar Canyon, she was lagging. She was beginning to feel sick. She’d been on the road for weeks and out in the open for days, sleeping on the damp ground. Maybe she’d skimped on drinking water, giving what she had to her little brother. Maybe she’d swallowed some of the slimy green water that pools in the cow ponds dotting this ranch country. Whatever the reason, Josseline started vomiting. She crouched down and emptied her belly, retching again and again, then lay back on the ground. Resting didn’t help. She was too weak to stand up, let alone hike this rollercoaster trail out to the road.
It was a problem. The group was on a strict schedule. They had that ride to catch, and the longer they lingered here the more likely they’d be caught. The coyote had a decision to make, and this is the one he made: he would leave the young girl behind, alone in the desert. He told her not to worry. They were in a remote canyon that was little traveled, but the Border Patrol would soon find her. Nearby, he claimed, were some pistas, platforms that la migra used as landing pads for their helicopters. Surely they’d be by soon, and they would take care of her. Her little brother cried and begged to stay with her. But Josseline was his big sister, and Josseline insisted that he go. As he recounted later, she told him, “T? tienes que seguir a donde est? Mam.” You have to keep going and get to Mom.
The other travelers grabbed the wailing boy and walked on, leaving his sister alone in the cold and dark. She had only her clothes to keep her warm. On her first night alone, the temperature dropped below freezing, to 29 degrees. By the weekend, when her brother arrived safely in Los Angeles and sounded the alarm, Arivaca had warmed up--to 37 degrees.
Three weeks later, Dan Millis was getting ready to go out on desert patrol. He was filling up a big plastic box with nonperishables for migrants--granola bars, applesauce, Gatorade-- and new socks, something the weary walkers always seemed to need. He tossed the box into his car and then loaded up dozens of gallons of water. A former high school teacher, Dan, twenty-eight, was an outdoors enthusiast who was spending a year volunteering with No More Deaths, a Tucson group determined to stop the deaths of migrants in the Arizona deserts. As the United States clamped down on the urban crossings, desperate travelers were pushing into ever more remote wilderness and dying out there in record numbers. So the No More Deaths folks began hiking the backcountry in the Arivaca borderlands, an hour and a half southwest of Tucson, setting out water and food in the rugged hills. Sometimes they’d meet up with migrants who were lost or sick, and they would provide first aid. But sometimes they found a body.
Before he left town, Dan studied the trail map. He could see that several heavily traveled Arivaca trails converged on a single ridge, and he wanted to drop his load there, where it would do the most good. Three buddies were coming along to help, but the goods they were packing would be heavy-- each gallon jug of water weighed almost eight and a half pounds--so he wanted to get his car as close to the ridge as he could. The map showed that a dirt ranch road edged near the drop spot, but the volunteers would have to hike up Cedar Canyon, where they’d never been before. Dan didn’t know whether the canyon would even be passable, but he decided to give it a shot.
He had heard about Josseline Hernndez. When the girl’s little brother arrived in LA without her, her distraught family had called the Salvadoran consul in Nogales, a border town, and the consul connected them with Coalicin de Derechos Humanos, a human rights organization in Tucson. Derechos compiles annual lists of the desert’s dead, and tries to help the families of the missing. The coalition’s Kat Rodriguez gets two or three reports of lost migrants a month. Josseline’s mother couldn’t even talk to her--”She was coming undone”--but the uncle gave Kat a description of the teenager and her clothes, including the distinctive green shoes Josseline was so proud of. Kat always asked for pictures of the loved one smiling; teeth, after all, can be used to identify a corpse.
The family sent Kat photos that pictured Josseline in uniform and cap, banging the cymbals in a parade with her high school marching band; Josseline posing in fashionable capris and a tank top; Josseline standing forlornly in her church, with flowers, lit candles, and a statue of the Virgin Mary behind her. The pictures showed her black hair and eyes and her warm brown skin--morena, the consul called it--but in every one she was serious and unsmiling, a young girl with heavy responsibilities. Kat organized the images and identifying info into a color flyer headlined “Menor detenida o desaparecida” (Female minor detained or disappeared). Kat sent her report to the Pima County medical examiner, in case he had a matching body in his morgue, and activists from the Samaritans immigrant-aid group checked the hospitals and detention centers. Other volunteers went out looking for her. They didn’t have much to go on. The coyote had told the family Josseline was near pistas, or platforms; no one was quite sure of what he meant since there were no structures in the desert. And the flyer stated, erroneously as it turned out, that the girl had last been seen near Nogales, miles from where she’d been walking.
Dan Millis hadn’t gotten involved in the searches. Hunts for missing migrants are needle-in-a-haystack affairs, typically conducted by well-meaning amateurs who don’t know search-and-rescue techniques. Sometimes the volunteers get injured themselves. Even BORSTAR, the Border Patrol’s search, trauma, and rescue unit, can’t help when there’s too little information. Far better, Dan thought, to stick to the work he knew would do some good, putting out food and water for the living. So he and his companions drove down to Arivaca and started into Cedar Canyon, lugging the water jugs and the box of goodies, traipsing a narrow path between looming rocky walls. There was an old dam back in there, along a wash, and he and his buds had to scramble up over the concrete. They’d been walking maybe twenty minutes when up ahead Dan spotted a pair of bright green shoes.
He didn’t think of Josseline at first. Or of death. The owner of the shoes had to be around, he reasoned, maybe hiding. He began calling out the standard No More Deaths chant, designed to reassure fearful migrants. “Hola, hermanos! Somos amigos de la iglesia. Tenemos comida y agua.” Hello, brothers! We’re friends from the church. We have food and water.
Then, suddenly, he saw her. She was lying on a rock, under a bush, her hands raised up near her head, her feet plunged into water that had pooled in a cavity in the stone.
“I saw her teeth,” he said months later. “I knew she was dead. It was a horrible feeling. I told my friends to stop. “The body was intact,” he went on, reciting details of the scene in a monotone. “She had taken off two jackets and hung them on a rock. She had a tank top on and sweatpants. Her feet were in the water.” The little pearl bracelet was on her wrist. But Josseline’s little brother had said his sister was wearing jeans, and this girl had on sweatpants.
Dan used his cell phone to call Sarah Roberts, a nurse active in No More Deaths who had helped coordinate Josseline’s case. He told her about finding the body and the telltale green shoes and the sweatpants that didn’t match up. Sarah got the message to Kat Rodriguez, who called the uncle, who questioned the brother one more time. This time, the little boy said, No, now he remembered, Josseline had put on her Hollywood butt pants. The news flew back over the cell phones to Dan. But the body was face up, and he couldn’t see any writing. He knew enough about police procedures not to disturb the scene.
Dan telephoned the sheriff. Then he and another volunteer, Clint, drove the hour into Arivaca, marking down their route through the tangle of ranch roads so that they could give the police detailed directions back to the canyon. It was getting cold, so they picked up some hot soup in town for the two volunteers who had stayed behind with the body. In the meantime, that pair, a Frenchwoman named Marie and a refugee-rights worker named Max, had twisted some branches into a cross and planted it in a pile of rocks. When Dan and Clint got back, all four volunteers held a vigil, sitting by the body and the makeshift shrine, waiting for the authorities to come.
In the late afternoon, two sheriff v´s deputies finally arrived. They gently turned the body over. On the back of the pants was a single word: Hollywood.
Prologue: The Death of Josseline
Introduction (Revised for the paperback edition)
1 Children of the Water
2 Strangers in Their Own Land 2
3 Crossroads al Norte
4 Desert Rescue
5 Auora Morning
6 Ambos Nogales
7 Bones in the Rain
8 The Science of Death
9 The Last House before the Border
10 The Case of the Panda Express Eleven
Epilogue The Birth of Jes?s
Afterword
- Read Margaret Regan's guest blog about Arizona's new immigration law on The Washington Post's Political Bookworm blog
- Listen to Margaret Regan's appearance on Talk of the Nation
- Read an excerpt of The Death of Josseline, featured in the February 18th issue of Tucson Weekly
- Read Margaret Regan's guest blog about Arizona's new immigration law on The Washington Post's Political Bookworm blog
- Listen to Margaret Regan's appearance on Talk of the Nation
- Read an excerpt of The Death of Josseline, featured in the February 18th issue of Tucson Weekly
- Watch Margaret Regan's appearance on Arizona Illustrated, the Tucson PBS affiliate
- Watch Margaret Regan's panel at the 2010 Tucson Festival of the Book which was featured on C-SPAN's BookTV
Contents
About the Book
With a sweeping perspective and vivid on-the-ground reportage, Margaret
Regan tells the stories of the escalating chaos along the U.S.-Mexico border.
A varied cast of characters emerges as she rides shotgun with the Border Patrol,
interviews deported Mexicans and angry Arizona ranchers, visits migrant shelters
in Mexico, and camps out in the thorny wilderness with "No More Deaths"
activists. Using Arizona as a microcosm, Regan explores a host of urgent issues:
the border militarization that threatens the rights of U.S. citizens, the environmental
damage wrought by the new border wall, the desperation that compels migrants
to come north, and the human tragedy of the unidentified dead in Arizona's morgues.
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Praise
"A keen-eyed perspective of how questionable public policy has resulted in far
too much preventable loss of life, The Death of Josseline is highly recommended."
—Midwest Book Review
"This should be required reading for everyone. . . . It gave me inspiration."
—Sandra Cisneros, author of The House on Mango Street
"The many admirers of Enrique's Journey will find much to admire, and fear,
in this powerful report." —Luis Alberto Urrea, author of The Devil's Highway:
A True Story
"A humane, sensitive, and informative perspective on a current and controversial
topic . . . We all must pay attention." —Ana Castillo, author of The Guardians
"In The Death of Josseline, Margaret Regan stands midpoint between immigration's
push and pull . . . her clear and sympathetic eyes watching the south on its treacherous
slog north." —Tom Miller, author of The Panama Hat Trail
"There may be no better way to understand the muddle that is U.S. immigration
policy than by reading these portraits of people who cross the border in hopes
of a better life. . . . The Death of Josseline is an excellent way to understand-on
a human level-the ebb and flow of human labor across political boundaries." —Ted
Robbins, Southwest Correspondent, National Public Radio
"The Death of Josseline is a border reality check. It tells searing stories
of those who've died crossing the Sonora/Arizona desert, of young people sent
to prison in Tucson for the crime of working, and of the courageous people of
conscience who stand up for the rights of migrants. Read it, and see why our deadly
immigration policies need to be changed." —David Bacon, author of Illegal People
“Regan, a Tucson resident and journalist, writes with the ease of one who is well
versed with its people and issues, but The Death of Josseline is not a
‘just the facts’ book that breaks down immigration policy. Reagan also gets down
and dirty with some good old fashion journalism. Her chapters focus on one group
or incident and weave them so that reader can better understand its layers and
complexities. She talks with migrants about their own harrowing experiences crossing
the border and with members of humanitarian groups who try to help them. She rides
along with Border Patrol agents and interviews Arizona ranchers. She visits Café
Justo, a Mexican coffee co-op that tries to sustain itself and its workers so
they will stay in the country.” —PopMatters
“The first step in solving a problem, my smart mother used to tell me, is confronting
and defining it clearly. Regan's book is surely one of those first steps as we
Americans begin the slow process of re-structuring an immigration bureaucracy
run aground in good intentions and deadly consequences.” —The Huntsville Times
“Regan…has compiled a compelling chronicle of the flow of migrants from northern
Mexico into the “Tucson Sector” of Arizona, distilling the many facets of this
phenomenon into an enlightening account.” —Booklist
“Regan puts a human face on the multiple problems created by desperate, poverty-stricken
people entering the United States illegally to look for work.” —Kirkus Reviews
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About the Author
Margaret Regan has a bachelor's degree in French from the University of Pennsylvania.
She studied French at the Sorbonne in Paris and Spanish in a tiny school in
Antigua, Guatemala, and has traveled in Europe, Central America and Mexico.
After working as a French editor for TV Guide magazine and as a children's book
editor in New York, she turned to journalism. Since 1986, she has lived with
her family in Tucson, 64 miles from the border with Mexico. She has won many
awards for her border reporting, her arts criticism, and her stories on the
Irish immigrant experience. Formerly a staff writer for the Tucson Weekly, she
is now a freelancer.
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Questions for Discussion
- The Death of Josseline has instances of migrants sometimes staying
behind with other travelers in their group who have been injured—see
the case of Lilian in the epilogue—and others where the others go on
and leave the injured traveler behind, as in the case of Josseline. What are
the moral issues that migrants must address? What would you do if your family
back home was depending on you getting to the United States and getting work,
and a stranger in your group fell ill? Would the needs of your children outweigh
the needs of stricken person you don't really know? (Pgs. ix-xvii and the
epilogue)
- Some readers of the book have criticized Josseline's mother, Sonia, for
arranging for her children to travel without her from El Salvador to Los Angeles.
Should Sonia have taken this risk? Should she have given 14-year-old Josseline
the heavy responsibility of caring for her 10-year-old brother on such a long
and dangerous journey? How far would you go to reunite your family? (Pgs.
xvii, xx-xxi)
- The United States is engaged in fierce debate over illegal immigration.
Should the nation do more to address the poverty of the nations to the south
of us, the nations that send so many workers north and have come to depend
on their remittances? What could Americans do specifically? (Pgs. xxi-xxviii
and the afterword)
- Phil Gordon, mayor of Phoenix, has proposed that we acknowledge economic
reality and our need for immigrant labor and increase the number of visas
to correspond to the number of immigrants working in the U.S. today. Do you
agree or disagree with this solution? (Pg. 11)
- Migrant workers are heavily engaged in such industries as health care,
both in hospitals and in nursing homes, in child care, in agriculture, in
food-processing plants, and in construction. If illegal immigrants were deported
en masse, how would you propose to fill these jobs? Should we do so?
- The book paints a positive picture of a small Mexican-owned coffee co-op;
Café Justo has managed to keep 200 families in Salvador Urbina, Chiapas,
employed at living wages and has helped lure home some of the town's young
adults who had been working in the United States. How could this model be
expanded? (Pgs. 34-41)
- Agents for the U.S. Border Patrol spend their days hunting down human beings
along the border. What do you think about that? (Pgs. 6-8)
- Critics argue that some migrants come to the United States deliberately
to give birth to children who automatically become U.S. citizens. Lilian's
child, Jesus, is one of these so-called "anchor babies," the child
of an undocumented immigrant and new citizen of the U.S. Some propose changing
the U.S. Constitution so that babies like Jesus could never become citizens.
Do you agree? If the U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants had no
opportunity in their lives ever to become citizens, would the nation be in
danger of creating a new permanent underclass? (Epilogue)
- The Dream Act would allow the foreign-born children of illegal immigrants
to qualify for in-state tuition at American universities if they had been
brought to this country as children by their parents and raised here, and
if they graduated from an American high school. Such a law would help young
people like Omar, Araceli and Marlen, of the Panda Express Eleven. What are
your views? (Chapter ten)
- The more miles of border wall the U.S. builds, the more deaths. Enforcement
may have reduced the numbers of migrants successfully crossing the border,
but those who do cross typically go through more remote, more dangerous terrain,
and their walks through the wilderness are longer than before. The deaths
have remained steady at about 200 a year in southern Arizona, even though
the number of entrants has declined by one-third or one-half. What can Americans
do to prevent these deaths on U.S. soil? (Chapter six)
- No More Deaths activists have the most contentious relationship with law
enforcement of all the southern Arizona groups. Humane Borders, for example,
always gets permission to place its water tanks on public land. (The Tohono
O'odham activist Mike Wilson is the exception.) Should activists ever be arrested
for pursuing what they believe are humanitarian goals. Numerous activists
have been arrested on charges of littering for placing water bottles in the
Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge. Discuss. How far would you be willing
to go to save a human life? Would you be willing to break laws, be arrested
and face charges and possible jail time? (Chapter five and pgs. xii-xviii)
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